The Constitutional Movement in Iran, as a watershed moment in the nation’s history, catalyzed the first structured initiatives toward social modernization and welfare enhancement under the influence of modern thought. During this period, public health concerns and the right to health—especially amid widespread epidemics—evolved into matters of national significance. Employing a descriptive-analytical methodology, this study examines the impact of the Constitutional era on women’s rights and their agency in advancing those rights. Findings reveal that the active engagement of women intellectuals in civic and health associations, such as the "Anjoman-e Nazafat" (Hygiene Association) in Tehran, along with their interventions in areas including water sanitation, street cleaning, waste management, child vaccination programs, and critical discourse on public health in the press, not only represented a substantial leap forward in community health but also constituted a pivotal inception for the recognition of women’s public agency and their influence on health policy formation. By fostering nascent civil and governmental institutions, this movement established the foundational framework for systematic attention to health and sanitation in Iran.